Showing posts with label #Thailand. Show all posts
Showing posts with label #Thailand. Show all posts

Friday, 24 April 2026

THE CHIANG MAI MONEY WALK: HOW A CITY WORKED WITHOUT MODERN MONEY

24 April 2026

Thank you chatGPT, we won't put you on scout duty don't worry

1. 01 May 2026 – THE CHIANG MAI MONEY WALK: HOW A CITY WORKED WITHOUT MODERN MONEY

A simple idea, but a different lens.

We walk the Old City early, before the heat builds, and we look at it not as a collection of temples and museums but as a functioning financial system. Where wealth was stored, how it was extracted, how it moved, and how ordinary people lived within it.

This is not a tour of coins. It is a tour of how money actually worked.


OVERVIEW

A short early morning walk through Chiang Mai that reveals how a pre modern economy really functioned. Temples as banks, kings as tax authorities, trade routes as lifelines. Start early. Finish before the heat. See the system, not just the sights.


2. PRACTICAL PLAN – THURSDAY 07 MAY 2026

We meet at 07:30 and finish around 11:30, covering no more than two to two and a half kilometres on flat, mostly shaded streets. The pace is deliberately slow. This is a reflective walk rather than an exercise in ticking off sights.

The route follows a logical sequence. We begin with wealth, move to power, pause to cool down, then step into structured explanation, and finally, if energy allows, end with everyday life. The stops are Wat Phra Singh, then Wat Chedi Luang, followed by a coffee break in the Ratchadamnoen area, then the Chiang Mai City Arts & Cultural Centre, and optionally the Lanna Folklife Museum just across the road.


3. STOP ONE – WAT PHRA SINGH: TEMPLES AS BANKS

We begin early, when the air is still cool and the courtyards are quiet. At Wat Phra Singh the first thing to understand is that this is not only a religious site. It is also a financial institution in a pre modern sense.


Wealth accumulated here in the form of gold, land, and offerings. Donations acted as a steady inflow of capital, and monasteries redistributed food and resources, particularly in times of stress. In effect, temples functioned as informal banks combined with welfare systems. They absorbed surplus from society and reallocated it in ways that stabilised the community.


The first insight is simple but important. Money is not just coins. It is stored trust embedded in institutions.


Glossary

  • Lanna - Historic northern Thai kingdom centred on Chiang Mai
  • Capital accumulation - Build up of wealth or assets over time
  • Redistribution - Reallocation of resources through institutions
  • Informal banking - Financial roles performed outside formal banks

4. STOP TWO – WAT CHEDI LUANG: POWER AND TAX

A short shaded walk brings us to Wat Chedi Luang, where the scale immediately changes. What we see here is not local accumulation but the visible imprint of state power.


Structures of this size require organised labour, access to materials, and above all the authority to mobilise both. In economic terms, they are the result of taxation and tribute systems. Surplus was extracted from the population and concentrated through political and religious institutions.


Temples and rulers operated together. One provided legitimacy, the other enforcement. The system worked because belief and power reinforced each other.


The second insight follows naturally. Money systems do not stand alone. They depend on underlying power structures.

Glossary

  • Taxation - Compulsory transfer of resources to authority
  • Tribute - Payment made by subjects or weaker states
  • Surplus - Production beyond basic survival needs
  • Political authority - Power to enforce rules and extract resources

5. STOP THREE – COFFEE: A MODERN CONTRAST

We pause for coffee and, just as importantly, for cooling. Sitting in an air conditioned café, it becomes clear how different the modern system feels. Payments are immediate, whether by cash, card, or QR code. Prices are visible and standardised. Private enterprise dominates.

And yet, beneath the surface, the function is the same. Goods are exchanged, value is transferred, and systems of trust underpin it all. The form has changed, but the logic has not.

The third insight is that economic systems evolve in appearance, but their core mechanisms remain remarkably consistent.

Glossary

  • Consumption - Use of goods and services
  • Liquidity - Ease of using money for transactions
  • Market pricing - Prices determined by supply and demand

6. STOP FOUR – CITY ARTS & CULTURAL CENTRE: THE SYSTEM EXPLAINED

The Chiang Mai City Arts & Cultural Centre provides the structured explanation that ties everything together. It is also a welcome refuge from the heat.


Inside, the wider context becomes visible. Chiang Mai emerges not as an isolated city but as a node within a regional network linking China, Burma, and Siam. Goods such as teak, rice, and textiles moved along these routes, and with them came flows of value.


Currency developed alongside trade, not before it. In many cases, barter systems persisted, with money introduced gradually as exchange became more complex.

The fourth insight is that trade creates money. The flow of goods comes first, and monetary systems evolve to support it.

Glossary

  • Barter - Exchange of goods without money
  • Trade routes - Paths used for commercial exchange
  • Economic network - Interconnected system of trade and production
  • Monetisation - Introduction of money into an economy

7. OPTIONAL STOP – LANNA FOLKLIFE MUSEUM: THE REAL ECONOMY

If energy allows, we cross to the Lanna Folklife Museum. The scale is smaller, but the perspective is grounded.


Here we see crafts, household production, and the everyday exchange of goods. This is the real economy in its most direct form. Not kings and not temples, but people producing and trading.


The final insight is perhaps the most important. Every system, no matter how elaborate, rests on ordinary human activity.


Glossary

  • Real economy - Production of goods and services in daily life
  • Household production - Goods produced within families
  • Artisanal trade - Small scale skilled production and exchange

8. HEAT STRATEGY – THE REAL CONSTRAINT

Chiang Mai’s heat is not a minor inconvenience. It is the dominant constraint shaping the day. Starting early is essential, finishing before midday is sensible, and constant hydration is necessary. Light clothing helps, but timing matters more.

By late morning the heat index can move beyond comfort into something more limiting. The structure of the walk reflects this reality.


9. WHAT THIS WALK REALLY SHOWS

Seen properly, this is not a sequence of attractions but a coherent system. Temples store wealth, the state extracts surplus, trade moves value, and households produce the underlying goods and services.

Coins and currency are secondary. They are tools within a larger structure.

Understanding that structure is the purpose of the walk.


10. INVITATION

If you are in Chiang Mai and curious, join us.

Thursday 07 May 2026.
07:30 start.
Old City.

A short walk, but a different way of seeing.


11. REFERENCES

  1. Chiang Mai City Arts & Cultural Centre – exhibits on Lanna trade and economy
  2. Chiang Mai National Museum – regional economic history context
  3. Wyatt, D. K. – Thailand: A Short History
  4. Bank of Thailand Museum materials on Thai monetary history

Saturday, 10 January 2026

KING MENGRAI MONUMENT - MOTIFS AND MESSAGES

26 December 2025

The King Mengrai Monument is carved in the symbolic language of Lanna (not Siam). Its motifs present kingship (the power majesty and responsibility of the King, the King's identity if you prefer) as moral, protective, and agrarian, rooted in Buddhist dhamma (right living) rather than conquest.


1. Context: Lanna Royal Language In Stone

The King Mengrai Monument is framed in Lanna visual grammar, not Siamese court style.
Every motif signals legitimacy, protection, fertility, and cosmic order.
Decoration here is not ornamental. It is political theology rendered in carved form.

Lanna – the northern Thai civilisation centred on Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, distinct from Siam in style, belief, and symbolism.


2. The Lotus Flame Motif

Repeated flame-shaped forms rise vertically throughout the monument.
They derive from the lotus bud and the sacred flame.

These forms signify spiritual awakening, moral authority, and kingship sanctified by dhamma rather than brute force.

This form combines two closely related Lanna elements:

Lotus: the central, layered petal form symbolises purity, rebirth, and Buddhist legitimacy.

Flame: the upward-pointing, tapering shapes represent spiritual energy, dhamma, and moral authority.

In Lanna art, these are often fused rather than treated separately. The result is a lotus-flame hybrid, expressing the idea that rightful rule flows from spiritual merit rather than force.

The surrounding vegetal scrollwork reinforces fertility, continuity, and the king’s role as cultivator and protector of the land.
They present Mengrai as a Buddhist ruler, not simply a war leader.


Dhamma – the Buddhist moral and cosmic law governing right rule. As I understand it, Dhamma is a code of behaviour or a set of values, combined with a vision for how to live in tune with true reality. There isn't a direct translation, this is the best I can do.


3. Floral Arabesques And Scrolling Vines

Dense gold-on-dark vegetal patterns wrap the base and panels.
This is classic Lanna stucco and lacquer language.

These motifs represent prosperity, abundance, and the fertility of land and people.
They reflect Lanna’s self-image as an agrarian, river-fed civilisation rather than an imperial one.

Here’s how to read what you’re seeing in the photo (but do go see the monument if ever you have the chance).

What these motifs are

Floral arabesque

A continuous, flowing plant pattern with no fixed start or end. In Lanna art this symbolises cosmic order, continuity, and moral balance rather than decoration for its own sake.

Scrolling vines

The curling tendrils branching symmetrically from a central axis represent growth, fertility, and the extension of righteous rule into the land.

Central lotus-flame node

The vertical element rising from the base is the axis mundi — spiritual authority rising from the earth, anchored by Buddhist legitimacy.

Why this matters at the King Mengrai Monument

At a monument to King Mengrai, these motifs are not ornamental filler - they may be decorative, that's true, but they are intended to be meaningful.

They communicate three political ideas in Lanna visual language:

Authority flows from dhamma (moral law), not force

The king is a cultivator, not merely a conqueror

The realm is imagined as a living, growing organism, not a fixed territory

This is why the carvings avoid hard geometry and favour organic flow. It is a Buddhist kingship aesthetic, not a Siamese court one.

How this differs from Siamese (Bangkok) style

Lanna: softer relief, vegetal dominance, spiritual symbolism

Siamese: sharper lines, mythic creatures, hierarchical geometry

This photograph is unequivocally Lanna, consistent with northern Thai visual identity rather than later central Siam Thai influence.



4. Circular Rosettes And Seed Discs

Small round bosses encircle sections of the pedestal.
They are subtle but deliberate.

These forms symbolise continuity, renewal, and dynastic endurance.
Kingship is shown as cyclical and regenerative, not conquest-driven.

This contrasts sharply with later Siamese motifs of hierarchy and domination.


5. The Kala Face (Protective Spirit)

The wide-eyed, toothy face carved prominently in gold is known as Kala.
It appears across Thai and Khmer sacred architecture.

Kala represents a guardian of thresholds, a devourer of chaos, and time itself.
Its presence reminds viewers of impermanence while protecting the ruler’s legacy.

Kala – a mythic guardian figure used to ward off malevolent forces.


6. Nagas And Serpentine Forms (Implied Rather Than Explicit)

Flowing curves and flame-scrolls echo naga bodies even where no serpent is fully shown.
In Lanna art, form often implies meaning without literal depiction.

Nagas symbolise water, rivers, rainfall, and fertility.
They legitimise rule through stewardship of irrigation, land, and rice rather than military dominance.

Naga – a sacred serpent associated with water and kingship in Southeast Asia.


7. Gold On Dark Ground

Gold leaf set against dark brown or black surfaces is a classic Lanna contrast.
It is not merely aesthetic.

The visual language suggests enlightenment emerging from the earthly realm.
Moral clarity rises from human struggle.

This is visual Buddhism rather than decoration.


8. Why This Matters

The monument does not present Mengrai as an absolute monarch.
Instead, it frames him as founder, protector, and moral centre.

Authority flows upward from culture, belief, and stewardship, not downward from divine right or imperial command.


9. Bottom Line

The motifs on the King Mengrai Monument are a declaration of Lanna identity.
They encode kingship as Buddhist, agrarian, cyclical, and protective rather than imperial.

The monument functions less as a statue and more as a visual constitution carved in gold and stone.



Wednesday, 14 May 2025

NO-RULES S E ASIA

Indonesian culture as seen through the eyes of a young German tourist


1. Introduction

Many foreigners are attracted to Indonesia, not only because of its beautiful natural geography, but also because of its friendly, happy, relaxed and open people. But where does such an attitude to life actually come from?

A French thinker named Emmanuel Todd has an interesting theory: the way the family is organised in a region could explain why the culture, religion, and even politics in that region developed as they did. He called Indonesia and Southeast Asia a region with a family system “without fixed rules” – flexible, tolerant, and difficult to dictate to by harsh ideologies or rigid rules.

This post attempts to explain Todd’s thinking and show how his views can help us understand the distinctive characteristics of Indonesian society, including a personal religious way, a relaxed lifestyle, and compromising politics.


 


2. Video Reference: “Why Indonesian Girls”

The video linked to above was made by a German tourist visiting Yogyakarta, where he records a walk down the main street on a busy day. This is a young man and the viewers' attention is drawn to his views on Indonesian girls, of course, but what’s interesting is how this also fits with Emmanuel Todd’s ideas on Southeast Asian people and culture more broadly.

So what does Todd say that might explain the particular perceptions of this tourist - perceptions that, like it or not, are a key driver of tourism to Southeast Asia?


3. Emmanuel Todd’s Theory and the Logic Behind a “No Rules” Southeast Asia

Todd sets out to explain why different societies develop different political and ideological systems. Why some become authoritarian regimes, some lean toward socialism or communism, while others develop highly individualist cultures. Some are collectivist. Some become bottom-up liberal democracies. Others remain deeply hierarchical and respectful of authority.

He begins with the family. The core insight is this: the values and social norms you absorb in your family life – your attitude to authority, hierarchy, gender, individual freedom, equality – go on to shape the wider values of your society. The ways families raise children, resolve disputes, manage inheritance, select marriage partners, and organise power gradually become internalised and unquestioned. They spread across villages and generations. This forms the deep logic of how societies come to think as one about power, freedom, responsibility, and the good life. It becomes their culture.

What begins in the family ends up embedded in the laws, institutions, and ideologies of society. These inherited values shape what is considered acceptable behaviour, and what is not.

If you're with me so far, you’ll see we're tracing how a society is organised - not by the ideas of great men, but by tracking the origin of its values, from the family unit up to the wider institutions. From family decisions such as who inherits, who commands, whether men and women are equal, who decides who marries whom and when – to the laws, norms, and governing spirit of a people.

Over time, patterns of authority and inheritance, drawn from experience, get codified into law, cultural identity, and political ideology. Geography, history and religion all play a part, but for Todd, the family is the silent engine room of political culture.


4. The “No Rules” Family and the Case of Southeast Asia

Among the six major family types that Todd identifies, one stands out as specific to Southeast Asia. He calls it the “no rules” family system. You find it in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and parts of Indonesia and Burma.

So what does “no rules” mean? It refers to a family system without fixed rules for inheritance – neither strictly equal nor strictly hierarchical. There are no rigid authority structures within the household. There’s no clear preference for primogeniture (eldest child inherits everything) or equal division. Patriarchy is weak. Matriarchy is weak. Kinship ties are loose. Even the boundaries of family – who counts as family, who one can marry – are more fluid than in other parts of the world.

Authority is flexible. Inheritance is negotiated, often according to need. Extended family may matter, but it isn’t formalised into binding obligations. If a newly married man joins the household of his wife, that can the signal war. But when the woman joins the man's household, that brings peace. Most importantly, these societies display high levels of tolerance and adaptability. They absorb external influences - from Dutch or French colonialism, globalisation, or religious pluralism - without resentment or seeing them as threats. They forgive excesses.

This explains why political systems in Southeast Asia tend to avoid rigid ideologies. Instead of socialism or authoritarianism, you often find personalist rule (a cult of personality), clientelism (politics built on let's say reciprocal ties and favours), or soft hierarchies (governance through discussion and consensus, "majlis").

Indonesia, for example, firmly rejected communism in the 1960s. Its political culture simply does not support strong collective ideologies. Vietnam's best friend is now America and Indonesians genuinely hold no grudge against Holland.

Religions in the region reinforce this flexibility. Theravāda Buddhism, for instance, emphasises individual responsibility and tolerance over legalism or strict morality. Religion, like politics, is personal, not dogmatic.


5. Where Indonesia Fits

Indonesia, to some degree, fits this “no rules” model. In Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and other regions, traditional family structures are not strongly hierarchical. Inheritance is often decided informally. Authority in the household may be shared, or even female-led. Children stay at home after marriage to extend the family - you see the three-storey Asian house everywhere. The Minangkabau of West Sumatra, another example, are matrilineal.

These open family systems naturally foster pragmatism, cultural flexibility, and tolerance. They resist – often silently or unconsciously – rigid ideologies and moral absolutes. They adapt. They absorb. They compromise. They prioritise personal relationships over legal structures. Todd’s “no rules” model fits very well.


6. But Not All of Indonesia Follows This Pattern

Indonesia is vast and diverse – a mosaic of islands, peoples, languages and customs. While some regions follow the “no rules” model, others do not.

In Aceh, the first region to be converted, and in parts of Java, patriarchal and centralised family structures are more common, especially where Islamic law is influential. In tribal or remote areas such as among the Dayak of Kalimantan or Papuan communities, kinship rules are tighter and authority is more communally enforced by elders.

These systems resemble Todd’s “community family” or even “endogamous family” models, where local tradition and lineage take precedence.

So Indonesia cannot be reduced to one single model. It is not monolithic. It is a mosaic – some parts flexible, some rigid; some hierarchical, others egalitarian.


7. Todd’s Broader Implication

Todd does not write much about Indonesia in his early work, but in later mappings he places it in the broader Southeast Asian “no rules” zone.

His core thesis is striking: Islam came to a region without a strong native family ideology. As a result, in Indonesia, Islam remained personal and spiritual. It never embedded itself in the political or legal structure aswhere in the Arab or Iranian world it emerged from the family structure.

In short, there was no rigid social structure for Islam to lock into.


8. Glossary of Key Terms

Authority: The degree of hierarchy or control exercised by elders or parents within the family.

Inheritance Rules: Whether property is passed down equally, given to the eldest, or negotiated informally.

Key Values: The cultural lessons taught in childhood – equality, obedience, independence, tolerance, respect.

Political Outcome: The kind of political system (liberal, authoritarian, clientelist, collectivist) that tends to arise from these embedded family values.


9. Background Reading

Todd, Emmanuel (1985). The Explanation of Ideology: Family Structures and Social Systems. Basil Blackwell.
Todd, Emmanuel (1990). L’Invention de l’Europe. Éditions du Seuil.
Todd, Emmanuel (2002). After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order. Columbia University Press.
Le Bras, Hervé & Todd, Emmanuel (2013). Le Mystère Français. Éditions du Seuil.
Barber, Benjamin R. (1996). Jihad vs. McWorld. Ballantine Books.
Mulder, Niels (2000). Inside Southeast Asia: Religion, Everyday Life, Cultural Change. Silkworm Books.
Geertz, Clifford (1960). The Religion of Java. University of Chicago Press.
Woodward, Mark R. (1989). Islam in Java: Normative Piety and Mysticism in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. University of Arizona Press.
Wikan, Unni (1990). Managing Turbulent Hearts: A Balinese Formula for Living. University of Chicago Press.
Emmanuel Todd – Public Interviews and Lectures (YouTube, France Culture, ARTE).



Indonesian version



1. Pengantar

Banyak orang asing tertarik dengan Indonesia, bukan hanya karena keindahan alamnya, tetapi juga karena masyarakatnya yang ramah, santai, dan terbuka. Tapi dari mana sebenarnya sikap hidup seperti itu berasal?

Seorang pemikir asal Prancis bernama Emmanuel Todd punya teori yang menarik: cara keluarga diorganisasikan di suatu wilayah dapat menjelaskan bagaimana budaya, agama, bahkan politik di wilayah itu berkembang. Ia menyebut Indonesia dan Asia Tenggara sebagai wilayah dengan sistem keluarga “tanpa aturan tetap” – fleksibel, toleran, dan sulit untuk didikte oleh ideologi keras atau aturan yang kaku.

Tulisan ini mencoba menjelaskan pemikiran Todd dan menunjukkan bagaimana pandangannya dapat membantu kita memahami ciri khas masyarakat Indonesia: cara beragama yang personal, gaya hidup yang rileks, dan budaya politik yang kompromistis.


2. Video Rujukan: “Mengapa Gadis Indonesia?”

Ini adalah video buatan seorang turis Jerman yang berkunjung ke Yogyakarta, merekam dirinya berjalan di jalan utama yang ramai. Fokusnya, tentu saja, pada pandangannya tentang gadis-gadis Indonesia. Namun menariknya, pandangan ini sesuai dengan gagasan Emmanuel Todd tentang masyarakat dan budaya Asia Tenggara secara keseluruhan.

Jadi, apa yang dikatakan Todd yang mungkin bisa menjelaskan persepsi si turis ini – persepsi yang, suka atau tidak, menjadi salah satu pendorong pariwisata ke Asia Tenggara?


3. Teori Emmanuel Todd dan Logika di Balik Asia Tenggara “Tanpa Aturan”

Todd ingin menjelaskan mengapa berbagai masyarakat di dunia berkembang menjadi sistem politik dan ideologi yang berbeda. Mengapa ada yang menjadi otoriter, ada yang cenderung ke sosialisme atau komunisme, sementara yang lain menjadi sangat individualis atau sangat kolektivis. Ada yang menjadi demokrasi liberal dari bawah ke atas, ada pula yang sangat hierarkis.

Ia memulai dari keluarga. Inti pemikirannya adalah: nilai dan norma sosial yang diserap seseorang di dalam keluarga – sikap terhadap otoritas, hierarki, kebebasan individu, dan kesetaraan – menjadi nilai-nilai yang akan membentuk masyarakat secara luas.

Cara keluarga membesarkan anak, menyelesaikan konflik, mengatur warisan, memilih pasangan, dan menyusun kekuasaan, semuanya secara perlahan menjadi kebiasaan yang diterima tanpa pertanyaan. Nilai-nilai ini menyebar ke desa-desa dan lintas generasi, membentuk logika dasar masyarakat tentang kekuasaan, kebebasan, tanggung jawab, dan arti hidup yang baik. Nilai-nilai inilah yang akhirnya membentuk budaya mereka.

Apa yang bermula dalam keluarga akan tertanam dalam hukum, institusi, dan ideologi masyarakat. Nilai-nilai itu menentukan perilaku seperti apa yang dianggap dapat diterima dan mana yang tidak.

Jika Anda mengikuti sejauh ini, kita sedang melacak bagaimana masyarakat terbentuk – dengan menelusuri asal-usul nilai-nilai dari unit keluarga menuju sistem sosial yang lebih luas. Dari pertanyaan seperti siapa yang mewarisi, siapa yang memimpin, apakah laki-laki dan perempuan setara, siapa yang memutuskan pernikahan dan kapan anak harus meninggalkan rumah – menuju hukum, norma sosial, dan semangat pemerintahan sebuah masyarakat.

Pola otoritas dan aturan warisan pada akhirnya membentuk pemahaman tentang kekuasaan, hak, dan kewajiban. Dalam jangka panjang, semua itu akan tercermin dalam ideologi, identitas budaya, dan sistem hukum. Geografi, sejarah, dan agama tentu turut berperan – tetapi bagi Todd, keluarga adalah mesin tersembunyi dari budaya politik.


4. Keluarga “Tanpa Aturan” dan Kasus Asia Tenggara

Dari enam tipe keluarga utama yang diidentifikasi oleh Emmanuel Todd, satu tipe yang unik berasal dari Asia Tenggara. Ia menyebutnya sistem keluarga “tanpa aturan tetap”. Model ini ditemukan di Thailand, Vietnam, Kamboja, serta sebagian wilayah Indonesia dan Myanmar.

Apa arti dari “tanpa aturan”? Ini berarti sistem keluarga yang tidak memiliki aturan pasti tentang warisan – tidak sepenuhnya setara, tapi juga tidak hierarkis. Tidak ada struktur otoritas yang kaku dalam rumah tangga. Tidak ada preferensi pasti apakah anak sulung mewarisi segalanya ataukah warisan dibagi rata. Patriarki lemah. Matriarki lemah. Ikatan kekerabatan longgar. Bahkan pertanyaan seperti “siapa yang dianggap keluarga” atau “siapa yang boleh dinikahi” jauh lebih fleksibel dibandingkan dengan budaya lain.

Otoritas dalam keluarga bersifat fleksibel. Warisan dinegosiasikan berdasarkan kebutuhan. Keluarga besar tetap penting, tetapi tidak terikat pada aturan baku. Yang paling penting: masyarakat-masyarakat ini menunjukkan tingkat toleransi dan kemampuan beradaptasi yang sangat tinggi.

Mereka menyerap pengaruh luar – kolonialisme Belanda, globalisasi, pluralisme agama – tanpa menganggapnya sebagai ancaman.

Fleksibilitas ini menjelaskan mengapa politik Asia Tenggara cenderung tidak menyukai ideologi kaku. Bukan sosialisme atau otoritarianisme yang muncul, melainkan sistem personalistik (berbasis tokoh), klientelisme (hubungan timbal balik dengan kekuasaan luar), atau hierarki lunak (konsensus dan musyawarah).

Indonesia, misalnya, menolak komunisme secara tegas pada 1960-an. Budaya politik Indonesia tidak cocok dengan ideologi kolektif yang kuat.

Agama pun mengikuti pola ini. Buddhisme Theravāda, misalnya, menekankan tanggung jawab individu dan toleransi daripada legalisme atau aturan moral yang kaku. Agama, seperti halnya politik, bersifat pribadi – bukan dogmatis.


5. Di Mana Posisi Indonesia?

Sebagian besar wilayah Indonesia sesuai dengan pola “tanpa aturan tetap” ini. Di Jawa, Bali, Sulawesi, dan wilayah lainnya, struktur keluarga tradisional tidak bersifat sangat hierarkis. Warisan biasanya diputuskan secara informal. Otoritas dalam rumah bisa dibagi, atau bahkan dipimpin oleh perempuan. Contoh yang paling terkenal adalah masyarakat Minangkabau di Sumatera Barat yang menganut sistem matrilineal.

Sistem keluarga yang terbuka ini menghasilkan pragmatisme, keterbukaan budaya, dan toleransi terhadap perbedaan. Masyarakat seperti ini – secara diam-diam atau tidak sadar – menolak dogma. Mereka beradaptasi. Mereka menyerap. Mereka berkompromi. Mereka memprioritaskan hubungan personal daripada struktur formal. Todd menyebut ini sebagai model keluarga “tanpa aturan tetap”.


6. Tapi Tidak Semua Wilayah Indonesia Sama

Indonesia adalah negara yang sangat beragam – sekumpulan pulau, bahasa, dan budaya yang membentuk satu kesatuan. Sementara banyak wilayah sesuai dengan pola fleksibel tadi, ada juga yang berbeda.

Di Aceh dan sebagian Jawa, terdapat struktur keluarga yang lebih patriarkal dan terpusat – terutama di daerah yang terpengaruh oleh hukum Islam. Di wilayah-wilayah terpencil seperti Dayak di Kalimantan atau komunitas Papua di bagian timur, terdapat aturan kekerabatan yang lebih ketat dan otoritas komunitas yang dijalankan oleh tetua adat.

Struktur seperti ini lebih mirip dengan model “keluarga komunitas” atau bahkan “keluarga endogami” menurut Todd – di mana tradisi lokal dan garis keturunan lebih ditekankan.

Jadi, Indonesia tidak bisa dipahami hanya dengan satu model keluarga saja. Ia bukan sesuatu yang seragam, melainkan mosaik – sebagian fleksibel, sebagian kaku; sebagian hierarkis, sebagian egaliter.


7. Implikasi yang Lebih Luas Menurut Todd

Todd tidak banyak menulis tentang Indonesia dalam karya awalnya. Namun dalam pemetaan dan analisisnya yang lebih baru, ia memasukkan Indonesia ke dalam zona “tanpa aturan tetap” di Asia Tenggara.

Gagasan utamanya cukup mengejutkan: Islam datang ke wilayah yang tidak memiliki ideologi keluarga yang kuat. Hasilnya, Islam di Indonesia tetap bersifat pribadi dan spiritual – ia tidak membentuk sistem politik atau hukum seperti yang terjadi di dunia Arab atau Iran.

Singkatnya, tidak ada struktur sosial yang kaku di Indonesia yang dapat dikunci oleh Islam.


8. Glosarium Istilah Kunci

Otoritas: Tingkat hierarki atau kontrol yang dijalankan oleh orang tua atau tetua dalam keluarga.
Aturan Warisan: Apakah harta diwariskan secara merata, ke anak sulung, atau berdasarkan negosiasi.
Nilai-Nilai Kunci: Pelajaran masa kecil yang membentuk budaya – kesetaraan, ketaatan, kebebasan, toleransi, penghormatan.
Dampak Politik: Jenis sistem politik (liberal, otoriter, klientelis, kolektivis) yang cenderung muncul dari nilai-nilai yang tertanam dalam keluarga.


9. Bacaan Latar Belakang

Todd, Emmanuel (1985). The Explanation of Ideology: Family Structures and Social Systems. Basil Blackwell.
Todd, Emmanuel (1990). L’Invention de l’Europe. Éditions du Seuil.
Todd, Emmanuel (2002). After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order. Columbia University Press.
Le Bras, Hervé & Todd, Emmanuel (2013). Le Mystère Français. Éditions du Seuil.
Barber, Benjamin R. (1996). Jihad vs. McWorld. Ballantine Books.
Mulder, Niels (2000). Inside Southeast Asia: Religion, Everyday Life, Cultural Change. Silkworm Books.
Geertz, Clifford (1960). The Religion of Java. University of Chicago Press.
Woodward, Mark R. (1989). Islam in Java: Normative Piety and Mysticism in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. University of Arizona Press.
Wikan, Unni (1990). Managing Turbulent Hearts: A Balinese Formula for Living. University of Chicago Press.
Emmanuel Todd – Wawancara dan Kuliah Umum Publik (YouTube, France Culture, ARTE).


[End]


Saturday, 11 June 2022

VISA EXEMPT ENTRY TO THAILAND

11 June 2022

Thai 30 day visa exempt entry to Thailand and extension.

You can extend your 30 day visa exempt entry for 30 days at immigration without a problem.

 

The airline can ask to see a ticket out of the country within 30 days. That can be a one way ticket to anywhere or you could get a temporary onward ticket online.

For a temporary onward ticket online, try this site :

 onwardticket.com

costs $14.



Saturday, 18 December 2021

THE THAI GOVT WANTS TO END MASS TOURISM

18 December 2021

https://www.thaiexaminer.com/thai-news-foreigners/2021/12/17/thailand-again-signals-end-of-mass-tourism-thai-examiner/

When change is needed, this can sometimes come if a leadership sees the need to innovate and adapt and maybe it gets inspired; but often it requires a change of leadership. That is the beauty of democracy - the people can overthrow a tired old government, peacefully.

Instead of closing down a successful sector of the economy, mass tourism, as this article from The Thai Examiner suggests, the Thai govt could try first to create a new and promising sector or sectors.

For example, in 1979, Deng Xiaoping visited America to meet Pres. Clinton. He was the People's Republic of China chairman from December 1978 to November 1989. He had seen Japan, S Korea and Taiwan becoming immensely rich and wanted to know more. China was at that time following the Russian USSR ideology.

What he observed was that those three countries were making very high quality goods, at competitive prices, and the huge and wealthy American Middle class was buying them.

In 1980, China was awarded Most Favoured Nation status. A rare and extremely valuable honour.

Under Deng Xiaoping's leadership, China switched from the USSR model to the American, while remaining "Communist". ("Communist", in reality, means a one-party state that controls the economy, mostly through ownership, and the people, through a Ministry of Security, aka the secret police). China started doing the same thing - Deng completely re-oriented the economy from agriculture to production for export.

The rest, as they say, is history.

Now, of course, there is an even bigger and wealthier middle class. And it is not in America.

It's in China.

What does the Chinese middle class want? Well, Thailand could find out and get manufacturing.

Or it could stick with mass tourism. It's up to the PM. 

Thursday, 21 October 2021

ACCESS THAILAND

  • Passport or travel document with a validity not less than 6 months
  • Visa application form (filled out)
  • One(1) recent 4x6cm. photograph of the applicant
  • Round-trip air ticket or e-ticket (paid in full)
  • Proof of financial means (20,000 baht per person/40,000 baht per family)
  • Proof of Hotel or private accommodation

After receiving your Thailand tourist visa and certificate of entry from the Thai Embassy or consulate, the traveler must prepare the following documents before traveling to Thailand:

  • Certificate of Entry (COE)
  • Valid visa in your passport
  • Declaration Form
  • Medical Certificate with a laboratory result indicating that COVID -19 is not detected. The COVID test must be by the RT-PCR method, within 72 hours before departure. Some airlines do not accept home kit tests so please check specific requirements with the airlines you are traveling with.
  • Printed COVID 19 travel insurance certificate and all pages of the terms and conditions on the COVID-19 coverage and medical benefits. You may be refused to board the flight if you could not show that the insurance meets this requirement.
  • Copy of confirmed ASQ Hotel booking
  • Copy of confirmed flight reservation
  • T8 Health Form
  • You must download the “Thailand Plus” Application on your mobile phone

Saturday, 8 May 2021

WHAT IS THE VALUE OF TOURISM IN THE THAI ECONOMY?

At an average spend of $2,800 per visitor, an annual 40 million visitors, generate 110 billion dollars or 22%, of the 505 billion GDP economy.

Monday, 12 April 2021

HOW TO GET INTO THAILAND

How to get into Thailand:
You need a Certificate of Entry (COE). 

To get a COE:

SUMMARY

1. Apply for a COE online
2. When you’re approved, book your flight, your hotel and buy insurance
3. Now, confirm your application by uploading the bookings to the same website page
4. Then fly and you show all the doc.s at the airport.

DETAIL

1 Apply


• Read the latest Thai gov stuff on this website and press "confirm"
• Confirming will take you to the Registration Procedure
a) First, the registration procedure is explained – tick and hit next
b) Then, fill in the form and upload your passport 
c) Wait three 3 working days for your application to be approved
d) Check the result on the same website where you filled in the form.

2 Book

When you’re approved
e) book a flight
f) book a hotel (Alternative State Quarantine, ASQ) within 15 days
g) buy insurance.

3 Upload 

Confirm your application for Certificate of Entry (COE)
h) Within 15 days of approval, upload proofs of flight, hotel booking and insurance to the same website page
i) Wait three 3 working days for your application to be approved
j) Check the result on the same website where you filled in the form.

4 Fly

k) Print your Certificate of Entry (COE) from same website page
l) Show COE, COVID-19 result and the other three documents to Immigration at the airport

[Correct at 8 April 2021]

Friday, 2 April 2021

MONSOON EXPECTED TO BE THE HEAVIEST IN 30 YEARS

Thailand’s rainy season is caused by the southwest monsoon that sweeps out of the Indian Ocean with moist air heading in a north-easterly direction across the country, sucked into the void left by rising warm air over the summer Asian continent. The monsoon also coincides with Thailand’s location in the Southeast Asian tropical rain belt – the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone.

The timing of the season isn’t the same around the country and isn’t the same every year although it is reasonably reliable. Chiang Mai does not have the same rainy season as the Gulf of Thailand islands. Koh Samui’s wet season is month’s after the islands on the other side of the Malay Peninsula (the Isthmus of Kra).

The annual celebration of Songkran, the Thai New Year – April 13 – is usually timed to match both the end of the hot season and the start of the annual wet season. But in most provinces the start of the monsoon is usually a month or so later.

The strength and intensity of the rains vary greatly. But, generally, monsoon rains tend to be short, intense bursts of rainfall. They could last for a few hours in the middle of the day, but they could just as easily be over within about 15 minutes in the morning or evening.

SOURCE: https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30404428

THAI BAHT PERFORMING BADLY

This week the baht hit its lowest point in half a year, falling 4% against the US dollar to 31.24. The decline was the sharpest in all of the Southeast Asian nations. The Indonesian rupiah fell 3.4% and the Malaysian ringgit fell 3.1%, while the Philippine peso and Singapore dollar dropped 1% and the Vietnamese dong basically held steady. Kyats, the Burmese currency did plummet further, 5.6%, following the military coup in Myanmar on February 1, but it’s not considered a common currency.

Thailand’s depreciation is heavily due to the economic downturn as a result of the pandemic which has all but killed Thailand’s tourist-heavy economy. With borders closed, the drop in foreign tourism pumping money into the economy has left a glaring hole. Before Covid-19, in the third quarter of 2019, Thailand held a surplus of US$11.5 billion baht. By the third quarter of 2020, the surplus had fallen to $6.6 billion, and by the end of the year, it had slid to a deficit of $1.4 billion.

Thailand had been bolstered by the surplus and by the constant influx of tourist spending supporting the economy. Tourism money fell to $742 million due to the pandemic border closure, just 5% of the equivalent period last year. The government is hoping to restart the tourism economy and pump more Thai baht into the country with a variety of actions to shorten quarantine, reopen key tourist locations like Phuket, and eventually allow in vaccinated travellers without any quarantine.

Many are still unsure of Thailand’s stability, with investors, importers and exporters still having doubts. The Finance Minister believes there’s no need to panic, as he was expecting a backlash when the Thai baht hit a 7 year high. They have acted by increasing investment limits to US$5 million for Thais to buy foreign securities, up from US$200,000 and loosened restrictions on foreign currency deposits.

[END]

Friday, 5 March 2021

CHIANG MAI OPENING ITS MARKETS

Good news, the night market of Chiang Mai is a major attraction, some great shops, great the Night Market is happening when visitors get the chance to visit that fabulous city. 

Sitting inside the Temple grounds of Wat Chedi and other Temples is a beautiful way to spend the day. And the night market is like one of the great caravan stopping places of ancient times.

In 2019, Chiang Mai welcomed 11 million tourists, with 70% of them being Thai. By contrast, there were only 1 million in 2020. This year’s number is expected to be around 25% of the 2019 figure.